Early human migrations - Wikipedia. Earliest human migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents began 2 million years ago with the migration out of Africa of Homo erectus. This was followed by the migrations of other pre- modern humans including H. Finally, Homo sapiens ventured out of Africa around 1. Asia around 6. 0,0. Knowledge of early human migrations, a major topic of archeology, has been achieved by the study of human fossils, occasionally by stone- age artifacts and more recently has been assisted by archaeogenetics. Cultural and ethnic migrations are estimated by combining archaeogenetics and comparative linguistics. Early humans (before Homo sapiens). Karpathos-sziget Karpathos szigete a Dodek. Earliest human migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents began 2 million years ago with the migration out of Africa of Homo erectus. Opont - Kazincbarcika It is now nearly two centuries and a quarter since the original Briton, the earliest emigrant of my name, made his appearance in the wild and forest -- bordered. Quimby: A zenekar egy ny Anthropologists believe that H. The date of original dispersal beyond Africa virtually coincides with the appearance of Homo ergaster in the fossil record, and about half a million years after the appearance of the Homo genus itself and the first stone tools of the Oldowan industry. Key sites for this early migration out of Africa are Riwat in Pakistan (~2 Ma? Western Europe was first populated around 1. Atapuerca). Bednarik has suggested that Homo erectus may have built rafts and sailed oceans, a theory that has raised some controversy. The oldest individuals found left their marks in the Omo remains (1. Homo sapiens idaltu (1. Middle Awash site in Ethiopia. It is now believed that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left Africa about 7. Bab el Mandib connecting Ethiopia and Yemen. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover. The oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America, radiocarbon dated to 1. Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south- central Oregon. The ancestors of Polynesians left Taiwan around 5,2. More recent migrations of language and culture groups within the modern species are also studied and hypothetised. The African Epipaleolithic. Kebaran culture is believed to have reached Eurasia about 1. Middle East, and may have been responsible for the spread of the Nostratic languages. The people of the Afro- Asiatic language family seem to have reached Africa in 6,2. BCE, introducing the Semitic languages to the Middle East. From there they spread around the world. An initial venture out of Africa 1. Africa via the Arabian Peninsula into Eurasia around 6. Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to steppes of Central Asia. Henry Harpending has proposed that humans spread from a geographically restricted area about 1. Africa and thence spreading elsewhere. The explosion of Lake Toba created a 1,0. Quaternary, potentially reducing human populations to a few tropical refugia. It has been estimated that as few as 1. In such circumstances genetic drift and founder effects would have been maximised leading to a rapid racial differentiation after that date. The greater diversity amongst African genomes may be in part due to the greater prevalence of African refugia during the Toba incident. Sarah Tishkoff found the San people to express the greatest genetic diversity among the 1. Bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L0 (mt. DNA) / A (Y- DNA) colonized Southern Africa (the ancestors of the Khoisan ( peoples), bearers of haplogroup L1 (mt. DNA) / B (Y- DNA) settled Central and West Africa (the ancestors of western pygmies), and bearers of haplogroups L2, L3, and others mt. DNA remained in East Africa (the ancestors of Niger. Despite the fact that no human remains have yet been found in these three places, the apparent similarities between the stone tools found at Jebel Faya, the ones from Jwalapuram and some African ones suggest that their creators were all modern humans. Dating results of the Lunadong (Bubing Basin, Guangxi, southern China) teeth, which include a right upper second molar and a left lower second molar, indicate that the molars may be as old as 1. An explanation for their extinction (or small genetic imprint) may be the Toba catastrophe theory (7. BP). However, some argue that its impact on human population was not dramatic. According to some authors, based in the fact that only descents of L3 are found outside Africa, only a few people left Africa in a single migration to a settlement in the Arabian peninsula. However, other studies suggest that a single migration occurred, followed by rapid northern migration of a subset of the group. Once in West Asia, the people who remained south (or took the southern route) spread generation by generation around the coast of Arabia and Persia until they reached India. One of the groups that went north (east Asians were the second group) ventured inland. They also radiated to India from Central Asia. The former group headed along the southeast coast of Asia, reaching Australia probably before 5. Some new evidence shows that the migration from Africa to Southeast Asia and Australia might have occurred between 8. However, not all Negritos were found to possess Denisovan genes; Onge. Andaman Islanders and Malaysian Jehai, for example, were found to have no significant Denisovan inheritance. These data place the interbreeding event in mainland Southeast Asia, and suggest that Denisovans once ranged widely over eastern Asia. The settlers probably continued on the coastal route southeast until they reached the series of straits between Sunda and Sahul, the continental land mass that was made up of present- day Australia and New Guinea. The widest gaps are on the Weber Line and are at least 9. Archaic humans such as Homo erectus never reached Australia, although they crossed the Lombok gap reaching as far as Flores. This is possible because humans avoided the colder regions of the North favoring the warmer tropical regions to which they were adapted given their African homeland. Another piece of evidence favoring human occupation in Australia is that beginning about 4. Tim Flannery and others argue new settlers were likely to be responsible for this extinction. This coastal migration leaves its trail in the mitochondrial haplogroups descended from haplogroup M, and in Y- chromosomehaplogroup C. Thereafter, it may have become necessary to venture inland possibly bringing modern humans into contact with archaic humans such as H. Recent genetic studies suggest that Australia and New Guinea were populated by one single migration from Asia as opposed to several waves,in these single migration a population which had split from the ancestral Eurasian population, before Asians and Europeans split each other, reach Australia and Melanesia between 6. Aboriginals Australians and other related populations like Papuans. Debate exists whether modern human populations interbred with Neanderthal populations, most of the evidence suggesting that it happened to a small degree rather than complete absorption. Populations of modern humans and Neanderthal overlapped in various regions such as in Iberian peninsula and in the Middle East. Interbreeding may have contributed Neanderthal genes to palaeolithic and ultimately modern Eurasians and Oceanians. An important difference between Europe and other parts of the inhabited world was the northern latitude. Archaeological evidence suggests humans, whether Neanderthal or Cro- Magnon, reached sites in Arctic Russia by 4. The resulting populations, whether interbred with Neanderthals or not, are then presumed to have resided in those hypothetical refuges during the LGM to ultimately reoccupy Europe where archaic historical populations are considered their descendants. An alternate view is that modern European populations have descended from Neolithic populations in the Middle East that have been well documented in this area. The debate surrounding the origin of Europeans has been worded in terms of cultural diffusion versus demic diffusion. They entered Eurasia by the Zagros Mountains (near present- day Iran and eastern Turkey) around 5. Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to steppes of Central Asia. They travelled on foot and relied on hunting highly mobile herds for food. These challenges were overcome through technological innovations: production of tailored clothing from the pelts of fur- bearing animals; construction of shelters with hearths using bones as fuel; and digging of . Migration from the Black Sea area into Europe started sometime around 4. Bosphorus and along the Danubian corridor. By 2. 0,0. 00 years ago, the whole of Continental Europe had been settled. Migration of modern humans into Europe, based on simulation by Currat & Excoffier (2. Because it took so long for Europe to be occupied, it appears that humans and Neanderthals may have been constantly competing for territory. The Neanderthals had larger brains, and were larger overall, with a more robust or heavily built frame, which suggests that they were physically stronger than modern Homo sapiens. Having lived in Europe for 2. The anatomically modern humans known as the Cro- Magnons, with widespread trade networks, superior technology and bodies likely better suited to running, would eventually completely displace the Neanderthals, whose last refuge was in the Iberian peninsula. After about 2. 5,0. Neanderthals ends, indicating that they had become extinct. The last known population lived around a cave system on the remote south- facing coast of Gibraltar from 3. A 2. 01. 0 study of Neanderthal genes and modern human genes concluded that interbreeding took place between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens between roughly 8. Middle East, resulting in Europeans and Asians having between 1% and 4% Neanderthal DNA, while sub- Saharan Africans do not have Neanderthal DNA. Parts of these populations migrated to North America. A Paleolithic site on the Yana River, Siberia, at 7. This site shows that people adapted to this harsh, high- latitude, Late Pleistocene environment much earlier than previously thought. Estimates range from 4. The act of emigrating is called emigration. However, these words are less frequent than immigrant and immigration.
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